Archival Research

National Archives, Library of Congress, NIH Library, FOIA & MDR

 Textual records (documents)

In essence, my work is to find records responsive to the client's query and make copies of them - usually digital ones. Sometimes the client has a specific document in mind, but more often he or she is looking for a variety of references to a given subject over a given time period. In many cases responsive documents are found scattered within the records of various US government entities. More rarely, a client wants proof that a given document really exists and wants it to be authenticated or certified.

Sequence for locating records

Usually the client comes to me with what he is looking for and will have already queried various databases, such as those listed on the National Archives homepage.  I usually repeat the client's queries. Sometimes the client has already communicated with an official archivist.  If so, it can be worthwhile for me to go to the archivist and go over the project in detail. Archivists, especially those at the National Archives are often overworked - having to deal with dozens of people asking about dozens of historical projects, and also having to respond to emails and telephone calls, so sometimes this is not easy.  Generally, though, their insight can really speed up a search process.  Archivists are also seriously underpaid.

In order to request the responsive material, I have to figure out exactly where they are in the stacks. This information is not online but found in many "Finding Aids" and "MLRs"- usually loose-leaf folders that are being continually updated.  Within them is the information describing more or less exact location of the responsive records, which may be narrowed down to a single folder in a box or to dozens of boxes containing several square feet of records, depending on the subject.

These are then ordered by filling out a "Reference Service Slip." The box or boxes containing the documents are then ordered through the Reference Service Slip - and stamped and signed by an archivist.  These are then processed several times a day (weekdays only) and one can pick up the boxes - usually placed on a cart - within a half an hour or up to to two hours, depending on now many researchers are in line for them.

A maximum of 24 boxes can be checked out on a single cart, and a total of two carts per researcher are allowed.  Only two record groups can be checked out at a time.  The boxes are then taken to a table where they can be opened and their contents examined.

A single box can take a few minutes to go through - or more than day, depending on the complexity of the subject, the readability of the records, and, believe it or not, the thickness of the documents. Many of the records from the last century are printed on onion skin paper, which is less than half the thickness of regular paper.

While I look through these records, I often use a smart phone camera to photograph or a video and then email images to the client in real time. These photographs or videos are not designed to be used as a final product: rather they can be used to vector in on the responsive records.

Responsive records are either photographed with a high-resolution camera or scanned with the Plustek A360, the fastest and most accurate professional large format flatbed scanner commercially available (I am one of only three NARA researchers that owns one). The resulting digital files are then adjusted in Adobe Photoshop Lightroom and then converted into easy to print text-searchable PDF2 files in Adobe Acrobat 9 Professional. These files are then posted to a hidden Internet address so that only the client will have access to them. In this way the client can look at the material on a nightly basis. At a maximum I can digitize some 400 - 500 pages per day, which includes the processing at home after the material has been scanned.

Sometimes, clients request responsive digitized records on a CD or DVD or on a USB thumb drive. More often the client needs the records rapidly, and they are transferred as files over the Internet - usually during the evening after a day of scanning or photographing.

Notes:

1 None of the scanners costing below $800.00 come close to the speed of this scanner, which can cycle a complete scan of an  8 x 10" page (landscape) in about 1 second, a full fifteen times faster than  the other scanners on the market.  It will also handle documents as large as 12 x 17".

2 Searchable text-recognized PDF files are created after the image has been converted into a PDF file using an OCR (optical character recognition) program. Such files are searchable by many search engines, such as Windows Desktop Search and Google Desktop Search or the search tool that in included with Adobe Acrobat Reader. These search tools do not work with handwriting and can be imprecise, especially with old documents written with manual typewriters.